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出丑效应

　　又称“仰巴脚效应”或“犯错误效应”，是指才能平庸者固然不会受人倾慕，而全然无缺点的人，也未必讨人喜欢。因为一般人与完美无缺的人交往时，总难免因己不如人而感到惴惴不安。

　　**讨人喜欢的人往往是精明之中带些小缺点的人。

　　一位着名的心理学教授曾做过这样一位着名心理学教授曾将四段情节类似的访谈录像分别放送给被试者：录像1中受访谈的成功人士在所从事的领域获得了辉煌的成就，谈吐不凡，眼神坚定，表现地非常得体、自信，赢得了台下阵阵掌声；录像2中的成功人士相比1，略微羞涩，谈起自己的事业时紧张到打翻了桌上的咖啡；录像3访问了一个普通人，他没什么太大的成就，不算紧张，也没什么吸引人的发言；录像4的普通人表现得非常紧张，他同2号一样打翻了咖啡。当教授要求被试者从4人中选出一位他们**喜欢的，结果**不讨大家喜欢的是4号，而打翻咖啡的2号获得了95%的支持。

　　7、投射效应

　　“投射效应”是指将自己的特点归因到其他人身上的倾向。以己度人，认为自己具有某种特性，他人也一定会有与自己相同的特性，把自己的感情、意志、特性投射到他人身上并强加于人的一种认知障碍。

　　一个心地善良的人会以为别人都是善良的；一个经常算计别人的人就会觉得别人也在算计他。

　　心理学家罗斯做过这样的实验来研究投射效应，在80名参加实验的大学生中征求意见，问他们是否愿意背着一块**子在校园里走动。结果，48名大学生同意背牌子在校园内走动，并且认为大部分学生都会乐意背，而拒绝背牌的学生则普遍认为，只有少数学生愿意背。可见，这些学生将自己的态度投射到其他学生身上。
It occurs to me, M. le Marquis, in view of your readiness to assume responsibility, that you must believe justification for the deed which is not apparent to myself.”

“That is better. That is distinctly better.” The Marquis took snuff delicately, dusting the fragments from the fine lace at his throat. “You realize that with an imperfect understanding of these matters, not being yourself a landowner, you may have rushed to unjustifiable conclusions. That is indeed the case. May it be a warning to you, monsieur. When I tell you that for months past I have been annoyed by similar depredations, you will perhaps understand that it had become necessary to employ a deterrent sufficiently strong to put an end to them. Now that the risk is known, I do not think there will be any more prowling in my coverts. And there is more in it than that, M. de Vilmorin. It is not the poaching that annoys me so much as the contempt for my absolute and inviolable rights. There is, monsieur, as you cannot fail to have observed, an evil spirit of insubordination in the air, and there is one only way in which to meet it. To tolerate it, in however slight a degree, to show leniency, however leniently disposed, would entail having recourse to still harsher measures to-morrow. You understand me, I am sure, and you will also, I am sure, appreciate the condescension of what amounts to an explanation from me wher I cannot admit that any explanations were due. If anything in what I have said is still obscure to you, I refer you to the game laws, which your lawyer friend there will expound for you at need.”